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2009 ICU
Santiago, Chile
Abstract Submission
ICU Proceedings and Further Publications
Hotel Arrangements: Special Rates
Tourist and Useful Information
Tutorial
Tutorial will take place in the Aula Magna of the University of Santiago de Chile, on Monday, January 12th, 2009. Tutorial is open to all participants without previous registrions.
•9:30 – 10:30
Nonlinear Acoustics and its most important Applications in Biomedical Ultrasonics and Imaging
I. Introduction to nonlinear Ultrasonic
Professor Leif Bjorno
• Leif Bjørnø, Dr. Phil. h.c., Ph.D., DIC, was professor of Industrial Acoustics and head of the Department of Industrial Acoustics at the Technical University of Denmark from 1978 – 2000. He is Knight of the Order of Dannebrog, a member of the DanishAcademy of Technical Sciences and the DanishAcademy of Natural Sciences, and a Fellow or Honorary Member of several international learned societies. He has received honorary degrees, medals and prizes from several universities around the World. He is, or has been, chairman or member of the board of directors for several industrial companies in Denmark and abroad, and he has been involved in founding many companies. His industrial interests have brought him many chairmanships of industrial committees. His scientific interests cover underwater acoustics, nonlinear acoustics, and ultrasonics, and he has authored or co-authored more than 380 papers in national and international journals, books and conference proceedings. He has been editor or member of the editorial board for several international scientific journals, including the journal ULTRASONICS, and he has been a visiting professor to many universities and research institutes around the World. He has also been examiner of theses and evaluator of applicants for chairs at universities in several countries. He has been chairman for, or member of, a great number of international scientific committees and councils covering his broad field of research interests. He has organized and chaired a substantial number of international scientific conferences, including Ultrasonics International and the World Congress on Ultrasonics, and he has been one of the prime movers behind the establishment of the ICU, where he has been chairman of its Steering Committee and member of its Board of Directors. Professor Bjørnø has also taken active part in NATO-, EU- and EUREKA-projects carried out in cooperation between his university department and companies in Denmark and abroad. He has been a National Delegate to several committees under the European Union, and he was a member of the International Advisory Group under EU’s 6th Framework Programme. From 1980 – 98 he was the Danish Member of the Scientific Council of National Representatives for NATO’s Undersea Research Centre in Italy.
•10:30 – 11:00 COFFE BREAK
•11:00 – 12:00
Nonlinear Acoustics and its most important Applications in Biomedical Ultrasonics and Imaging
II. Nonlinear Acoustic in Ultrasound Metrology and other selected application
Professor Peter Lewin
Peter A. Lewin, M.Sc., Ph.D. is R.B. Beard Distinguished University Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering in the College of Engineering at Drexel University, Philadelphia. He is also Director of the Ultrasound Research and EducationCenter in The School of Bioengineering, Bioscience and Health Systems at DrexelUniversity. Dr. Lewin obtained his M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering in 1969 and the Ph.D. in Physical Acoustics in 1979 inCopenhagen, Denmark. Before receiving his Ph.D. degree he was employed by Bruel and Kjaer, Denmark, where he was involved in the development of underwater piezoelectric transducers and associated electronics. From 1978 to 1983 he was associated with the Danish Institute of Biomedical Engineering (now Force Institutes) and The University of Denmark, Copenhagen-Lyngby, where his research activities primarily focused on propagation of ultrasound waves in inhomogeneous media and development of PVDF transducers. In 1983 he joined the faculty of DrexelUniversity. Dr. Lewin was awarded several patents in the field of ultrasound and has authored or co-authored over 200 scientific publications, most of them on topics in ultrasound and is co-editor (with Prof. M. C. Ziskin) of a book Ultrasonic Exposimetry (CRC Press, 1993). His current interests are primarily in the field of biomedical ultrasonics including the design and testing of piezoelectric transducers and sensors, power ultrasonics, ultrasonic exposimetry, tissue characterization using nonlinear acoustics, biological effects of ultrasound, applications of shock waves in medicine and image reconstruction and processing. Dr. Lewin is a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). He is also a Fellow of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM), Acoustical Society of America (ASA) and American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering (AIMBE). He has also served as a Chair (1997-1999) of the AIUM's Technical Standards Committee and the AIUM's Board of Governors (2002-2004). In addition, Dr. Lewin serves as a consultant to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health. He also serves as Associate Editor of the peer-reviewed journal "Ultrasonics". Dr. Lewin is also a member of several working groups within the International Electrotechnical Commission, Technical Committee on Ultrasonics. Most recently he was elected as a member of the prestigious Franklin Institute Science and Awards Committee, Philadelphia.
•12:00 – 13:00
Nonlinear Acoustics and its most important Applications in Biomedical Ultrasonics and Imaging
Professor Andrzej Nowicki
•Andrzej Nowicki, M.Sc, Ph.D., D.Sc., received the M. Sc. degree in Electronics from Warsaw University of Technology in 1969, the Ph.D. degree from the Institute of Fundamental Technological Research (IFFR), PolishAcademy of Sciences (PAS) in 1976, and the D.Sc. degree from PAS in 1980. He was promoted to full Professor in 1992. At present, he serves as the head of the Ultrasound Division and the Deputy Director for Research of the IFFR, Warsaw, Poland. Professor Nowicki has spent an extended period of time as Visiting Scientist at several eminent research institutions.In 1972 he conducted research in the field of ultrasound at the French National Research Center (CNRS), Paris, France.In 1978 he was invited by Professor J. M. Reid to join research team at the Institute of Applied Physiology and Medicine (IAPM), Seattle, WA, USA. In 1981, Dr. Nowicki was appointed as Research Professor at IAPM, and in 1986, and later in, 1997, he was Visiting Scientist at DrexelUniversity, Philadelphia, PA, USA, where he was involved in research in the field of color breast Doppler imaging and was also responsible for teaching graduate course entitled Advanced Ultrasound. Dr. Nowicki is Honorary Professor at Biomedical Ultrasound Research and EducationCenter at Drexel University, PA, USA and serves as a member of the Center's Advisory Board. Dr. Nowicki's research interests are the field of medical ultrasound, including pulsed Doppler, cardiac imaging, transcranial and tissue flow Doppler, and include high frequency ultrasound imaging and its applications. He has published over 140 scientific papers in peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings and is the author of four textbooks on fundamentals of ultrasound medical imaging. Prof. Nowicki is a recipient of 1988 prestigious Pioneer Award from the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM) and became an Honorary Fellow of AIUM in 1990. In addition, he is elected Member of Polish Academy of Sciences and Fellow of the PolishEngineeringAcademy. He is also Honorary Fellow of the Polish Ultrasound Society (PUS) and serves as the President of PUS since 2002.
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The tutorial outline:
Professor LeifBjørnø: Introduction to Nonlinear Ultrasonics A brief review of the basic principles of fluid mechanics needed for development of linear and nonlinear ultrasonic concepts will be given. The basic principles of linear ultrasonics will be discussed including velocity of sound, attenuation, relaxation etc. The fundamental equations of nonlinear ultrasonics (NLU) will be derived and their physical properties explained. It will be shown how an originally monochromaticfinite-amplitude ultrasonic wave, due to nonlinear effects, will distort during its propagation in time and space to form higher harmonics to its fundamental frequency. The concepts of shock formation will be presented and [WINDOWS-1252?] its “mechanisms” based on material and convective nonlinearity will be illuminated. The material nonlinearity, described by the nonlinearity parameter B/A of the material, and the convective nonlinearity, described by the ultrasonic MachNumber, will be explained and their significance in nonlinear ultrasonics will be illuminated. Two procedures for determination of B/A, the thermodynamic and the finite-amplitude procedures, will briefly be described and some B/A-values characterizing biological materials will be presented. Shock formation described by use of the Goldberg Number will be introduced, and the importance of this number and the concept of Ultrasonic Saturation will be discussed. It will be shown how, prior to shock formation, the harmonic components of unfocused finite-amplitude ultrasonic waves will have different directivity functions (beam patterns), with higher directivity for higher harmonics, which can be used to improve resolution in image formation. An introduction to focused ultrasonic fields will be given and it will be shown how the ultrasonic intensity will vary axially and laterally in the focal region and how the field parameters of interest to biomedical applications may be described by use of the KZK-Model. These focusing effects have been used in lithotripters, in ultrasonic surgery and in ultrasonic microscopes. Finally, an introduction will be given to the mixing and interaction of two monochromatic, finite-amplitude ultrasonic waves in a liquid, for instance leading to the so-called [WINDOWS-1252?] “Parametric Array”, and the potentials of this mixing process in biomedical ultrasound will briefly be mentioned.
Peter A. Lewin: Nonlinear Acoustics in Ultrasound Metrology and other selected applications Asuccinct background explaining why, initially, the scientists and industry were skeptical about the existence of the nonlinear (NL) wave propagation in tissue will be given and the design of an adequately wideband piezoelectric polymerhydrophone probe that was eventually used to verify that the 1-5 MHz probing wave then used in diagnostic ultrasound imaging was undergoing nonlineardistortion and generated harmonics in tissue will be discussed. Thefar-reaching implications of the advent of the piezoelectric PVDF polymermaterial will be reviewed and the advances in ultrasound metrology prompted bythe regulatory agencies such as US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) will be presented. These advances include the development of absolute calibration techniques forhydrophones along with the methods of accounting for spatial averaging corrections up to 100 MHz and the development of "point-receiver" hydrophone probes utilizing acousto-optic sensors. Next, selected therapeutic applications of nonlinear ultrasonics (NLU), including lithotripters will bebriefly discussed. Also, the use of shock waves as pain relief tool and inabating penicillin resistant bacteria that develop rock hard "biofilm" that can be shattered by the finite amplitude wave will also be mentioned. The growing applications of NLU in cosmetic industry where it is used for liquefying andredistribution of fatty tissue within the body will be briefly reviewed, and, finally, selected examples of NLU applications in retail and entertainment industry will also be pointed out.
Professor Andrzej Nowicki: Nonlinear Acoustics in Medical Ultrasonics The new imaging modalities of ultrasound diagnostic machines that utilize nonlinear (NL) acoustic or ultrasound wave propagation in issue will be reviewed. These include tissue harmonic imaging (THI), PulseInversion (PI), and enhanced detection of microbubbles being used as contrastagents (CA). The clinical examples oftheir applications will be presented and the potential of nonlinear ultrasonics(NLU) in clinical practice will be discussed. The role of theoretical NLpropagation models in enhancement of image quality will also be examined and anovel imaging scheme that utilizes nonlinear properties of tissue to improve contrast to noise ratio will be introduced. This scheme makes use of theacoustic source that is activated by two tone bursts having variable polarization. This new approach is termed multi-tone nonlinear coding MNC because the choice of polarization of both tones (and their amplitudes) allows optimization of the receiving properties yet depends on the nonlinear properties of tissue. The concept of the virtual fields will be introduced to explain abilities and properties of the PI and MNC imaging and to facilitate the comparison of these two methods. The comparison of the spatial field distribution achieved using the MNC approach with the conventional harmonic imaging one, in which the second harmonic is used to reconstruct the image shows that for the same peak pressure amplitude the resulting Mechanical Indexfor MNC may be lowered by almost 40% incomparison with that achievable using the Pulse Inversion approach.
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